Earning Differences by Gender - 1121 Words

Despite women outnumbering men in U.S. colleges and the implementation of legislation like the 1963 Equal Pay Act the pay differences persist. According to some the pay gap persists because: †¢ Men are more likely to pursue college majors and advanced degrees in fields that lead to higher-paying careers. †¢ Women are getting graduate degrees, but not necessarily in fields that give the best salaries. †¢ Discrimination remains a factor and it is difficult to document and measure. †¢ Women on average are working fewer hours than men, often to care for children or other family members. The wage gap narrowed steadily through the 1980s and 1990s but the convergence slowed in the early 2000s. In 1980, women earned 60.2 cents for every $1 men†¦show more content†¦The case given in the article is a prime explain of wage discrimination faced by females in the workplace. Based on the details given in the article the female worker was suffered wage discrimination. When compared to her male friend she was equally qualified but she was paid less despite that fact. The employer got away with discriminating against the female worker mainly because workers at her work place was forbidden. When she found out it had been four years. The Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act enacted in 2009 allows victims like her to file a pay discrimination complaint against the employer within 180 days of their last pay check instead of the previously law which required victims to file the discrimination pay compliant within 180 days of receiving their first unfair paycheck. Opinion According to the United States Census Bureau, the changes in the real median earnings of men and women who worked full time, year- round between 2011 and 2012 were not statistically significant and the female-to-male earnings ratio has not experienced a statistically significant annual increase since 2007. So this clearly indicates that legislation enacted by lawmakers so far have failed to eliminate the wage gap problem that currently exists between males and females. According to U.S. Equal EmploymentShow MoreRelatedThe Gender Pay Gap Measures The Earning Differences Between Women And Men940 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap measures the earning differences between women and men in paid employment in the labour market. It is one of many indicators of gender inequality in a country, when examining labour market participation in terms of gender (EC 2007). Though we try to fight for gender equality in the workplace, us females still face many difficulties. While they’ve made strides in breaking through the â€Å"glass ceiling,† we often have many other challenges, things such as sexism, discrimination, sometimesRead MoreGender Gap In Pay1574 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Gender Pay Gap also referred to as Gender wage gap, gender income difference or male-female income difference refers to the difference between the earning of men and women (Victoria, 2006). The European Union defines the Gender Pay gap as the difference between men and women’s hourly earnings (OECD, 2012). The difference may be measured on hourly, weekly, monthly, or yearly earning. The difference is expressed as a percentage of the men’s earning. However, the difference varies from oneRead MoreWorkplace Inequality And Gender Inequality1678 Words   |  7 Pagescan contribute to workplace inequality. Three factors associated with workplace would include (1) the individuals gender can determine compensation (2) the race or ethnicity of an individual (3) the age of the individuals. All such factors contribute to the issues of workplace inequality, not only in gender but race and age as well. Keywords: Compensation, job, race/ethnicity, gender, age, pay gap Workplace Inequality In 1963 United States President, John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act of 1963Read MoreThe Equality Between Women And Men1732 Words   |  7 Pagespay gap=(men’s median earnings-women’s median earnings)/men’s median earnings .In 2014, median annual earnings in the Untied States women and men working full time, year round were $39,621 and $50,383, respectively. 2014 earnings ratio=$39,621/$50,383=79%. 2014 pay gap= (50,383-$39,621)/$50,383=21%. So the earnings differentials between men and women mean that there is a wage gap. The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an index of the status of women’s earnings relative to men’s. †¢Read MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmyth about gender equality. It isn t a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only seventy-seven percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change† stated Grammy Award winner, Beyoncà © (Knowles-Carter 34). Although in the twenty-first century, women are still fighting for equality to simply be paid the same amount as men. The main causes of this gender inequalityRead MoreEqual Pay Difference Between Men And Women879 Words   |  4 Pagesit or not there is a income pay difference between men and women. The question is why men are getting paid more, when women are doing the same job. One job occupation that is currently dealing with the issue, are doctors. Male doctors are receiving more money than the female doctor. Although many individuals claim that the di fference is because men work supplementary hours or sometimes tougher jobs than women they should make more than the opposite sex. This gender pay gap is unfair and could possiblyRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Gender Inequality1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe gender wage gap is defined as the relative difference in earnings between men and women in the economy as a whole. For every dollar a man makes, his female counterpart makes roughly seventy-seven cents. Even if a men and women have the same educational background and work history the man will go home with a higher paycheck than the woman. This may actually lead to tension in the workplace and cause conflict in the office. This also includes female dominated industries- most notably, nursingRead MoreBattle of the Sexes725 Words   |  3 PagesBattle of the Sexes The word â€Å"gap† is defined as a wide divergence or difference. For as long as time has existed, there has been great tension between the sexes. This is a problem in the US due to the inequality of salary with gender, race/ethnicity, and education. This salary gap is nearly impossible to avoid, even though women have spent the time and hard work with education and dedication to their job, just as men have. Women have improved in these areas to receive high position and equalityRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1379 Words   |  6 Pages  Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths of the sexes. In the workplace Income disparities linked to job stratification Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work butRead MoreGender Wage Gaps And Gender Inequality1115 Words   |  5 Pagesassociates, gender wage gaps should vary among densely populated regions and less densely populated regions. Using an estimating Mincerian earnings function that controls for individual characteristics and reflecting the productivity of the worker, we are able to get the ceteris paribus of the gender pay gap that will not be able to be explained by any differences in the productivity of workers. They also used the approach developed by Oaxaca and Blinder which estimated two separate earnings functions-

Analysis on Business Marketing Free Essays

â€Å"Everything is worth what its purchaser will pay for it. † This phrase was said many centuries ago and is still worth today. Any time customer, in fact these customers whose costs are driven by what they purchase, increasingly look to purchasing as a way to increase profits and thus pressure suppliers to reduce prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Business Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now A good example beside the one in the article is when you are going to buy a car and you start searching about what car dealer is the best for you to buy yours. How can you decide which of the dealers it’s the best for you, it is a good question. A growing number of suppliers have created a customer value models, that is no more than data-driven representations, of the worth in monetary terms, of what the suppliers are going to could do for its customers. I have been talking about values, but what they are and what values are in business is what I’m going to explain right now. In business market values are the worth in monetary form of the technical, economic, service and social benefits any customer receives in exchange for the price it pays for a market offering. An example of value in monetary term is dollars per unit, guilders per liter, or kroner per hour. On the other hand, benefits are no more than in which any costs a customer incurs in obtaining the desire benefits, except for purchase price, are included. And finally value is what a customer gets in exchange for the price it pays. In fact, value is one of the two elemental characteristics of marketing offer; the other one is price. Field value assessments that is the most commonly and accurate method used to build customer value models. This value is used to collect data about customer value models. However, if the field value does not work suppliers use direct and indirect survey question and focus groups. As everything in our life, the first time you do something is the most difficult. To get started with the customer value model the first thing a supplier need to do is to put together the right kind of value research team. In this team should be included the people with the product, engineers in the specified field, and people with marketing experience. This last option is very important because it is really important to have people who know the customer way of thinking. The next step is to know the right market segment. Knowing this, the suppliers create a base with at least twelve customers to build an initial value model. Then it is a good time to generate a comprehensive list of value elements. These elements will be the one that affects the costs and benefits of the offering in the customer’s business. The elements could be technical, economic, service or social in nature and will vary in their tangibility. But suppliers have to be very carefully on checking which elements left out, especially those that might make the suppliers’ market offering look unfavorable next to the next-best-alternative offering will undermine the projects credibility. By knowing as many elements as possible the team will be able to determine more accurately the difference in functionality and performance its offers provides relative to the next-best-alternative. Most of the time the customers do not know that they have the data information that the suppliers are looking for. Some time the only way to find this data is for the team members to ask around until they come across the person who knows where to find the information. These teams also need to be creative in finding other sources of information. Independent industry consultants or knowledgeable personnel in the supplier company can be good sources of initial estimates. The comfort with which team can establish monetary estimates for its value elements will vary. Actually, most suppliers do not even attempts to assign monetary amounts to social elements. Instead, they put those elements and discuss them with the customer in a qualitative way after presenting quantitative results. An example of this is the Qualcomm Company, that not assign monetary amounts to many less-tangible elements but still includes them in its analysis as â€Å"value placeholders. † In any field value assessments, the suppliers will find that some assumptions must be made in order to complete an analysis. It is critical to suppliers to be explicit about any assumptions it makes. If a customer does not know how or why the team assigned a certain value to an element, the supplier’s credibility will be compromised. After building the initial value model the suppliers should validate it, by conducting additional assessments with other customers in the market segment. Doing this the supplier will also learn how the value its offering provide varies across kinds of customers. The supplier will also need to create value-based sale tools. One common sale tool is a value case history, which is no more than written accounts that document the costs savings or added value that a customer receive from its uses of a supplier market offering. Now it is a good time to put an understanding of value to use. A good way to do this is using the supplier knowledge to tailor supplementary service, programs and systems in its current market offering and to guide the development of new offerings. A company’s ability to manage flexible markets offerings successfully rest on its understanding of the value each component of an offering creates as well as its associates cost. Identifying and eliminating value drains result in better allocation of resources and improved profitability. Gaining customer is another of the steps of this project. Knowing of how the market offers specifically deliver value to customer enables suppliers to craft persuasive propositions. By providing evidence to customers of the company’s accomplishments, suppliers demonstrate their trustworthiness and commitment to customers. In this way customers feel more self-confident with the company they are doing business with. Understanding value in business is the essence of customer value management. It is also good for delivering superior values and obtain an equitable return for it. Now are you ready to choose your car’s vendor. How to cite Analysis on Business Marketing, Essay examples

Accounting Theory for Depwater Horizon Oil - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theoryfor BP Deepwater Horizon Oil. Answer: Introduction The paper examinations the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill to demonstrate the necessity for the earlier course of action of broad information as required by individuals when all is said in done interest theory. From the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill's condition, the frim put away the fundamental natural framework information to general society to circumvent pay for the damages. This practice was drilled against the Interest Theory, thusly, putting off portion of pay brought on by externality (Herz and Petrone 2004). The BP has belittled the physical damages by exploring the upside of the trial of setting up causally related effects. The firm moreover took the upside of the general procedures for measuring natural group benefits that came up short concerning a supplementary set up stage. Coincidentally, the contemporary accounting gages are specialist in guaranteeing that organization trustees, the insulted gatherings, and Courts value convincing contraptions for surveying marine duty hurts. Abstract The affiliation fail to reveal the essential accounting data to avoid appropriate portion of damages in light of the way that the cost are not undefined as the welfares. This lack is convoluted by the way that a complement on the redesign inflicted significant damage as a measure of the damages has the likelihood of coming to fruition to both over-counteractive action close by under-debilitation subordinate upon the feeling of modifying cost to the credible social cost of the physical mischief. BP denied the complainants, trustees near to courts from having telling strategies for extraordinary assessment of ocean duty hurts. The analyzed underlined the essentialness of the Interest Theory and furthermore Positive Accounting Theory in guaranteeing that BP disclose the required information. The present accounting measures are strong to wrestle issues in accounting and from this time forward it pointless to grasp interesting Accounting Standards. Introduction The paper relies on upon the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill to demonstrate the necessity for beginning course of action of thorough information as conferred by individuals when all is said in done interest theory. The frailty of BP to pass on the compulsory natural framework information to the all-inclusive community is contrary to the Interest Theory courses of action and has bothered the path toward compensating the damages instigated by BP through such an externality. The association fail to profit serious information on the outside cost that was occasioned by the spillages. Therefore, the BP has belittled the physical damages manhandling the upside of the experience of suggesting causally related effects. The association has understood this favored angle to keep up a vital separation from awesome portion of damages since the cost are not the same as the preferences. This issue is snared by the way that an accentuation on the recovery gotten as a measure of the damages has the probability of provoking both over-demoralization and under-anticipation depending upon the relationship of revamping cost to the certifiable social cost of the physical mischief. The BP in like way took the favored point of view that the then methodologies for measuring organic framework organizations came up short with respect to a more create stage, as it is starting at now, to bar the complainants, trustees and Courts from having convincing parts for capable looking over maritime hazard hurts. BP, henceforth, gotten starting now and into the foreseeable future common legitimate adjacent budgetary data confined particular count of damages thusly giving the way for political haggling. BP propelled this need by neither one of the failings to thoroughly uncover the particulars of the natural framework and social damages, nor the central calculation procedures of the associations pre-survey cost of US$40.90. Regardless, this talk weights the unmistakable nature of the Interest Theory near to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) adjacent how they may have guaranteed that BP uncovers the fundamental data. Accordingly, the trade takes a position that ropes the efficiency of the present Accounting Standards by demonstrating that it is pointless to show new Accounting Standards. Discussion Interest Theory (IT) The IT put that control is obtained response to general society enthusiasm for the change of the out of line or ungainly market sharpens. The IT proverbs control to help general society as a whole rather than particular displayed solitary interest. This theory regards the managerial body as the illustrative of the exhaustive social interest whereby it acknowledge its operations as opposed to the individual interests of controllers. The IT is built up on particular platitudes in its looking at operation. Among such supposition is that business areas are extraordinarily subtle close by adept to expect their operations lopsidedly and deficiently if the protect pooch does not mediate. The above speculation deciphers the association as a reasonable go-between to accelerate operations of market. Individuals by and large premium understanding hold that associations expect managerial happenings on banks to improve the effective moves of financial relationship by overhauling market frustrations to sanction increments of more broad regular society. The IT remains simple to market weakness and its probability of working in charitableness of isolated nerves while spurning the noteworthiness of the general populace by and large. In this manner, it commends association feature inclusion to undeviating and screening budgetary markets. The association intercession emphases on ensuring banks serve the common excitement for the distribution of properties professionally. It deals with that the business basic to reveal satisfactory and pardoned data around their execution monetarily, close by non-budgetary corresponded information incorporating biological together with social impressions (Chua and Taylor 2008). The IT premises on the legitimization to demonstrate the order that declarations the business to uncover the impression of their methodology on the overall population and condition. In this way fortifies for the divulgence of clever exercises that corporate get to defend the overall population near to condition from irate effects of their systems. Role of Regulators Control of accounting is a making of political strategies. In any case, individuals impel request on the understanding that money related accounting must be fair-minded, objective and fair-minded whereby specialists accomplish assention that accounting standard-setting framework is a factional course (Chapple and Koh 2007). In any case, the bottommost line is that cash related accounting impacts the achievement transport inside the gathering and starting now and into the foreseeable future it is an uneven development. The free-promote perception hold that accounting information must be cured correspondingly to additional stock whereby the demand and supply qualities should be appropriate to ability to yield a perfect supply data concerning the association. Be that as it may, pro bearing belvedere holds that accounting information must be cured as a societal nice. In this condition, when the accounting data is sensible, the overall population can use without paying and pass on it on to their associates (Whitley 1988). The controllers assume that uncommon individuals have the affectation to compensate for the products in the unclear way creators will. Along these lines, underproduction of data will happen for (Kabir 2010). The controllers take an enthusiasm to help pacify this underproduction ponder. Course is, hence, fundamental to disintegrating the effects of market frustration concerning the accounting information (McMahon, Davies and Bluhm 1994). The proximity of a throng of accounting standards in the pushed republics which cover an enormous cross-portion of matters have started bearing. Promoters of control refute the free-publicize instrument and supporter for course for conventional approaches to manage upgrade comparability and secure misrepresentative information. In this manner, speculation of open interest help watches the overall population. Motivation of Politicians as Regulators The deficiency and inefficiency of market move the controllers to ref by being fair-minded arbitrators of 'open premium'. Since accounting data remains an open not too bad, the creator is reluctant to remunerate the extra cost of conveying the compulsory information achieving under-era of the information. In any case, this information remains crucial to the gathering, the controllers share as uninvolved referees to correct the inadequacy and inefficiency in business focus (Herz and Petrone 2004). The controllers may arrange authorizations near to measures which screen the cash related uncovering notwithstanding the introduction of relevant data. The achievable nature of such a data, for example, the organic group and characteristic impressions of a corporate's strategy, enables the controller to shield the excitement of society in circumstance of externalities as found in BP's Deepwater Horizon oil tumble. The controllers wish to unite biodiversity and organic group organizations estimations into normal danger directing structures together with the data systems of the whole corporate working risky property. They are in like way enthused to make in addition time tested environmental accounting and itemizing practices to address the business characteristic execution (Cheney 2001). The controller furthermore wishes to make associations get the planned enumerating for associations which joins cash related, social, and environmental (monetary and non-money related) matters consequently making legit disclosure of merged execution of associations to accomplices. Arguing a Position: Response I can't resist negating the choices taken by BP to remunerate for damages influenced by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. BP disgraced the necessities near to goodwill of the IT by putting away basic natural framework data. In such manner, BP never gave the critical portrayal of social damages that its attempts actuated to the overall population making it essentially harder to utilize specific computations to accomplish a more helpful reward. The association trustees, hence, imagined that it was harder to intensely gage the lost organic framework things (Christenson 1983). If the association may have gotten the game plans of IT, it might have revealed key data obliging in the evaluation of appropriateness of the no matter how you look at it sums charged as needs be choosing if certain undesirable externalities were unconsidered by BP. The data could have in like way aided in understanding the limit of attempts of redesign to be grasped around the estimations of organic group near to assets which have starting at now been lost or to some degree diminished. In such manner, the compelled disclosure by the association was not proportionate to giving accomplices exhaustive picture of cash related natural close-by social ramifications of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. As reflected in PAT, the accounting information presentation is operational (Klersey, Stunda and Vinson 2005). Signal of congrats is satisfying in the gage of activities like the accounting courses of action's choices by associations near to how associations respond to foreseen fresh out of the plastic new standards of accounting. The PAT is in like way enduring in the compelling securities publicize speculation trade off with fiscal aftermaths. As rehashed in the BP's case, PAT was obliging in restricting warmth politically. Extol held that the earnestness of political cost standing up to a business, assembles the probability that the boss will get accounting shapes that submit communicated pay from present to the inevitable time allotment. The affiliation got technique choices that energized its minimization of the cost of contracting and courses of action of accounting. Applaud pass on into line to the present honest to goodness measures of accounting like AAS 16 that purposes of intrigue the introduction and itemizing necessities of information (McMahon, Davies and Bluhm 1994). It backs the disclosure of side by side status close by condition designs whereupon BP runs its systems. This is basic in guaranteeing that accomplices have generous ecological presentation concentrates until now the event of to some degree fast approaching fiasco, similar to spillage of oil. The present measures of accounting stay operator, and it is pointless to get current standards. Such models as AAS 15 other than AAS 16 have lengthily careful presentation close by declaring goals. The measures pass on social near to BP's natural externalities notwithstanding the mischances on use of water, control of climate and biodiversity. In this condition, the before long reachable gages of accounting solitary require cure utilization moored on goodwill instead of displaying fresh out of the plastic new measures to decide the issues concerning externalities in light of insufficient disclosure as imitated in BP's spill. Conclusion The association profited in light of the fact that the staggering consistent adjacent financial partner compelled specific count of compensations thusly benefitting open entryway for political haggling. The association harassed this deficiency by neither one of the intensifying to disclose the natural group particulars and social damages, nor the essential estimation frameworks of its pre-survey charge of US$40.90. The paper has highlighted the locus of the IT and PAT in the enablement of both cash related declaring and exposure. It certified that BP never revealed the mandatory information (Nagy 2001). The trade backs the profitability of the present rules of accounting and from this time forward it remained inconsequential to usher one of a kind standards of accounting. References Chapple, L.J. and Koh, B., 2007. Regulatory responses to auditor independence dilemmaswho takes the stronger line?. Australian Journal of Corporate Law, 21(1), pp.1-21. Cheney, G., 2001. Creating a corporate conscience: New role of non-financial reports. Accounting Today, 15(7), pp.3-4. Christenson, C., 1983. The methodology of positive accounting. Accounting Review, pp.1-22. Chua, W.F. and Taylor, S.L., 2008. The rise and rise of IFRS: An examination of IFRS diffusion. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27(6), pp.462-473. Herz, R.H. and Petrone, K.R., 2004. Internaitonal Convergence of Accounting Standards-Perspectives from the FASB on Challenges and Opportunities. Nw. J. Int'l L. Bus., 25, p.631. Kabir, H., 2010. Positive accounting theory and science. Journal of Centrum Cathedra, 3(2), pp.136-149. Klersey, G., Stunda, R.A. and Vinson, R.E., 2005. The Effect of Derivative usage on Security Returns. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies, pp.123-129. McMahon, R.G., Davies, L.G. and Bluhm, N.M., 1994. Exploratory modelling of financial reporting and analysis practices in small growth enterprises. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 3(3), p.199. Nagy, J., 2001, January. The emergence of the public sector expectations gap. In International Conference-Accounting, Auditing Management in Public Sector Reforms, Zaragoza (Espagne), 79 September 2000, EIASM (pp. 459-475). Perry, J. and Nelke, A., 2005. International accounting standard setting: A network approach. Business and Politics, 7(3). Ruder, D.S., Canfield, C.T. and Hollister, H.T., 2004. Creation of world wide accounting standards: convergence and independence. Nw. J. Int'l L. Bus., 25, p.513. Schaub, A., 2004. Use of International Accounting Standards in the European Union, The. Nw. J. Int'l L. Bus., 25, p.609. Sennetti, J. and Litt, B., 2013. Persuasion as a Prelude to Proof: Theory Acceptance in Accounting Research. Advances in Business Research, 4(1), pp.54-67. Tweedie, D. and Seidenstein, T.R., 2004. Setting a global standard: The case for accounting convergence. Nw. J. Int'l L. Bus., 25, p.589. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 1986. Positive accounting theory. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 1990. Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective. Accounting review, pp.131-156. Whitley, R.D., 1988. The possibility and utility of positive accounting theory. Accounting, organizations and Society, 13(6), pp.631-645.